CSP 250 Flashcards
1. RWL – NIOSH?
RWL, the Recommended Weight Limit
2. Exposure Assessment (Bacteria, parasites, fungi, etc.)
- Water Sampling (Legionella)
- Surface sampling of mold and bacteria
- Air sampling of mold and bacteria
3. The National Electrical Code (NEC), or NFPA 70
The National Electrical Code (NEC), or NFPA 70, is a regionally adoptable standard for the safe installation of electrical wiring and equipment in the United States. It is part of the National Fire Code series published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), a private trade association.
4. Control Strategies (Bacteria, parasites, fungi, mold, etc.)
- ISOLATE source
- LOCATE and CORRECT source
- ENGINEERING controls - biosafety hoods, etc
- ADMINISTRATIVE controls - cleaning procedures, etc
- PPE
5. Cold Urticaria
Cold urticaria is a disorder in which large red welts called hives (urticaria) form on the skin after exposure to a cold stimulus.
- HIVES
- Itchy Red blotches
6. NIOSH Stands for
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
7. Frostbite
Frostbite is a skin injury that occurs when exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues, commonly affecting the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks.
- Freezing of body tissue
- White or greyish yellow skin
8. Hypothermia
- General Lowering of body temperature
- Numbness
- Disorientation
- Confusion
- Core body temp 26 degrees to 35 degrees Celsius
9. Cold Illness Protection
- Provide heat source when feasible
- Minimize exposure time
- Protective clothing
10. Fire Tetrahedron - Required Elements for Fire
The fire tetrahedron is a geometric representation of the four properties that must be necessary for a fire to occur within a given situation. These properties include fuel, heat, an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen found in ambient air), and an uninhibited chemical reaction.
- Oxygen
- Ignition source
- Fuel
- Chemical Reaction
11. Fire Chemistry - Surface Fires/Flame Fires
Ground fires are wildfires that occur in the subsurface and consume buried vegetation. As the name suggests, surface fires are wildfires that occur on the surface, consuming low-lying vegetation.
- Surface fire
- solids
- Oxygen
- Fuel
- Heat
- Flame Fires - Vapors or gaseous fuel
- This includes the above elements PLUS a CHEMICAL REACTION
12. Fire Behaviour
- VERTICAL Movement
- Temperature differences between outside and inside affect smoke movement
- Outside wind effects gas movements
13. Fire Classification (A, B,C,D,K)
- Class A - Ordinary Materials ("Ash")
- Class B - Flammable liquids ("Boil")
- Class C - Electrical ("Current")
- Class D - Metals, sodium ("Dust" - like metal dust)
- Class K - Cooking oil ("Kitchen")
14. Flammability of Gases
- Flammable Gases - burn under NORMAL concentrations of oxygen in air
- Non-flammable Gases - NOT burn under NORMAL concentrations
- Inert Gases - DO NOT combust in ANY conditions
15. Toxins
Biological - naturally occurring. A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. Toxins occur especially as a protein or conjugated protein. The term toxin was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919) and is derived from the word toxic.
16. Toxicants
Man made. Toxicants can be found in the air, soil, water, or food. Humans can be exposed to environmental toxicants.
17. LD Lo (Toxicology)
Lowest lethal dose for test subjects
18. LD50 (Toxicology)
Lowest lethal dose for test subjects
19. LC50 (Toxicology)
Lethal concentration at which 50% of test subjects die
20. NOAEL (Toxicology)
No Observable Adverse Effect Level
21. LOAEL (Toxicology)
Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level
22. IDLH (Toxicology)
Immediately Dangerous to Health and Life
23. Dose-Response Curve
- Non-linear
- You will get more of a response with increased dose
24. Carcinogen
- Cancer causing
- Partial List
- Benzene
- Asbestos
- Cadmium
- Radon
- Benzidene
25. Teratogen
Substance that causes birth defects in a developing fetus
26. Mutagen
- Substance that may cause genetic mutations
- Can also be carcinogens
- Ex:
- Lead
- Radon
27. Acute Affects
Adverse effects from short term exposure
28. Chronic Affects
Adverse health effects from long term exposure to a toxin
29. Latency Period
The time between first exposure and onset of disease NOT necessarily symptoms
30. Neurotoxins
Toxic to nervous system
31. Hepatotoxin
Toxic to liver. It can be a side-effect, but hepatotoxins are also found naturally, such as microcystins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, or in laboratory environments, such as carbon tetrachloride, or far more pervasively in the form of ethanol (drinking alcohol).
32. Renal Toxin
Toxic to kidneys (nephrotoxin)
33. Endocrine Disruptor
Substances that disturb hormones
34. IARC Carcinogen Classifications
IARC Carcinogen Classifications Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans
35. Asbestos (4 types)
Chrysotile
Amosite
Crocidolite
Tremolite
36. Benzene
- Simplest aromatic hydrocarbon
- Exposure routes
- Inhalation
- Skin absorption
- Carcinogen: associated with LEUKEMIA
37. Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles
- Paving, roofing
- Carcinogenic in lungs, kidneys, skin
- Can also cause acute affects in BLADDER
38. Cotton Dust
Can cause Byssinosis (brown lung disease)
39. Bagiosis
Disease associated with moldy sugar cane. Bacterial vaginosis is a disease of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria.
40. Metals (toxicity)
ORGANIC metals MORE toxic than inorganic metals
41. Chelation (metals)
- Method to treat metals
- Binds to metals and excretes them
- Also binds to ESSENTIAL METALS though
42. Cadmium
- Smelting, electroplating, soldering
- Acute exposure: can cause pulmonary edema
- Chronic exposure: can cause emphysema, lung cancer
43. Inorganic Lead
- Firing ranges, battery production
- Neurotoxin
- Affects mental development of children
- Detect in blood
44. Atoms
Composed of NUCLEUS and ELECTRONS (-) 219-220 in materials has good diagrams
45. Nucleus
Composed of PROTONS (+) and NEUTRONS
46. Isotope
Not every atom of a specific element has the same number of NEUTRONS
47. Ion
- Atom or molecule with an electrical charge
- The number of electrons is not necessarily equal to number of protons
- If more electrons then NEGATIVE charge
- If more protons then POSITIVE charge
48. Atomic Number
- Number of PROTONS
- Defines the element
49. Atomic Mass
Number of PROTONS AND NEUTRONS in nucleus
50. Mole
- Avogadro's number of _____ units
- 6.02 x 10 (to the 23 power)
51. Molecule
- Two or more ATOMS bound together
- Basic unit of NON-ELEMENTAL substances
52. Gram Molecular Weight (MW)
Mass of 1 mole of molecules
53. Valence Electrons
- Electrons arranged in shells around the nucleus
- All elements (except H and He) need 8 electrons in the outer shell
54. Bonding (atoms)
Atoms bonded together by sharing or exchanging of electrons
55. Ionic Bonds
An exchange of electrons so that an element has 8 electrons in its outer shell
56. Covalent Bonds
- Sharing of electrons
- Outer electrons of elements are shared between the atoms to fill the outer electron shell
57. Chemical Reactions
Process in which products (new chemicals) are produced from reactants (old chemicals)
58. Oxidizer
A substance that enhances a reaction - usually by adding oxygen
59. Pressure and Sound Pressure
Doubling pressure increases sound pressure level by 6db
60. Noise PEL & TLV
OSHA - 90 dB for 8 HOURS
ACGIH - 85 dB for 8 HOURS
61. Sound Intensity and Distance from Source
Sound intensity level will decrease by 6db if you double the distance from the source
62. Frequency Ranges
- Humans can hear from 20hz to 20,000hz
- Speech range - 500 - 3000hz
63. Acids and Bases
- Acid ph LESS than 7
- Base ph GREATER than 7
- Hint "Turn up the base"
64. Exothermic Reactions
Produce Heat. Exothermic reactions are reactions that release energy into the environment in the form of heat. Exothermic reactions feel warm or hot or may even be explosive. More energy is released making chemical bonds than is used breaking them.
65. Endothermic Reactions
Absorb Heat. Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions in which the reactants absorb heat energy from the surroundings to form products. These reactions lower the temperature of their surrounding area, thereby creating a cooling effect.
66. Vapor Density
- Mass per unit volume of a vapor compared to air
- VD > 1 = Sink
- VD < 1 = Float
67. IARC Carcinogen Classifications Group 1:
IARC Carcinogen Classifications Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans
68. Specific Gravity
Ratio of density of a substance compared to water's density
- SG GREATER than 1 SINKS in water
- SG LESS than 1 FLOATS on water
69. Engineering Controls for Noise
- Porous material
- Diaphagramatic - Thin piece of material
- Resonant: Pocket of air
- Barriers
- Baffle: barrier between source and person
- Partial enclosure: Top on the baffle
- Complete enclosure
70. Noise Reduction Rating (NRR)
- Devices reduce dB by the rating
- Ex: NRR of 33 will lower 90 to 57
71. Dose Equivalent
- How much biological damage expected from Absorbed Dose
- Rem = Unit of Dose Equivalent
- Rem = QF x Rad
72. Absorbed Dose
- Energy deposited into a tissue as the result of exposure
- Unit of Absorbed Dose= Rad
73. Dose Rate (US and International)
- US workers allowed whole body dose rate of 5 rem/yr
- ICRP (international)= 2 rem/yr
74. ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
75. Shielding
- Shield between radiation source and worker
- Half value layer
- Thickness of a material that reduces half the photons entering the material
76. Beta Shielding
Plastic and Glass preferred
- Beta particles can create x-rays hitting certain materials
- BREMSSTRAHLUNG radiation
77. Ionizing Radiation
- Alpha (particle)
- LARGEST radiation particle - Helium nucleus
- Stopped by outer layers of skin BUT extremely dangerous inside
- Think the Russian spy in the UK
- Quality Factor (QF) = 20
- Beta (particle)
- High-speed electrons
- Released in decay process of neutron transforming
into proton
- QF = 1
78. Doubling Rates OSHA and ACGIH
OSHA - 5 dB
ACGIH - 3 dB
- Each time sound level increases by the doubling amount, exposure time limit decreases by 50%
79. Dose Measurements
- Film badge
- Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)
- Measures energy absorbed during exposure
- Commonly a badge or ring
80. Non-Ionizing Radiation
- Microwave
- Radio Frequency
- Laser
- Infrared
- Ultraviolet Light
81. Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Right of the Spectrum (shorter wavelegth) = ionizing radiation
- Left of the Spectrum (longer wavelength) = Non-ionizing radiation
82. Conservation of Airflow
- Q1 + Q2 = Q3
- If you have two airflows coming together into the same system, they are ADDED
83. Energy/Pressure in Ventilation
Energy in ventilation IS pressure
84. Kinetic/Potential Energy in Ventilation
- Kinetic Energy is VELOCITY pressure
- Potential Energy is STATIC pressure
85. Velocity Pressure
- The force applied by moving air hitting a surface
- Velocity pressure is always POSITIVE
86. Static Pressure
- The force exerted by air molecules striking a container's surface
- In ventilation, we are concerned with RELATIVE static pressure
- What is the static pressure in the duct relative to the
atmosphere outside the duct?
- Air goes from HIGH to LOW pressure
- Change in static pressure causes air to move
87. Ionizing Radiation Measurement Devices
- Geiger-mueller tube
- Measures BETA and GAMMA radiation
- Scintillation detector
- Sample placed in vial with scintillation liquid
88. Pressure Change Through a Ventilation System
Total Pressure DECREASES as air moves through system
89. Static Pressure, Velocity Pressure, and Total Pressure as Air Moves through Fan (upstream and downstream)
Upstream of Fan
- VP = positive
- SP = negative
- TP = negative
Downstream of Fan
- VP = positive
- SP = positive
- TP = positive
90. Energy in Ventilation Systems
- Energy is used to accelerate air into the system
- Energy is used to overcome resistance from:
- Friction along the walls
- Turbulence in the air
91. 2 Hood Categories
- External Hoods
- Most common is CANOPY hood
- Think vent in your kitchen
- Enclosing Hoods
- Most effective hood
92. Metabolic Heat
Energy generated while the body is active
93. Convection
Transfer of heat directly to the objects directly contacting the body
94. Radiation
Transfer of heat through infrared radiation
95. Evaporation
Transfer of heat to the environment through evaporative cooling
96. Hood Entry Losses
- Energy is converted from PE to KE at the hood
- There are energy losses during the conversion
- Total energy associated with accelerating air into the system is the HOOD STATIC PRESSURE
97. Flammable Solids
- Biomass - wood, wood products, fabric
- Metal - Most metals burn under certain conditions
- "ium" metals
- Plastics
- Produce toxic gases
98. Flash Point
Minimum temperature at which liquid gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with the air near surface of liquid
99. Post GHS Flammable Liquid (OSHA)
- GHS = Globally Harmonized System
- Liquid with flash point at or below 199.4 F
- Divided into 4 categories
100. Post GHS Categories
1 is MOST hazardous
1: Flashpoint < 73.4 F / Boiling point < 95 F
2: Flashpoint 95 F
3: 140 F > Flashpoint > 73.4 F
4: 199 F > Flashpoint > 140 F
101. Flammability Limits
- Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)
- Minimum vapor concentration supporting combustion
- Upper Flammability Limit (UFL)
- Maximum vapor concentration supporting combustion
- Must be between LFL and UFL to be flammable
- Percentage of UFL and LFL
- Find the percentage and multiply by 10 (to the 6th power) to get PPM
102. NFPA Diamond (Red, Blue, Yellow, White)
- Blue = Health
- Red = Fire
- Yellow = Reactivity
- White = Special
- Ex. Reactive with water, etc.
- Scale of 1-4 (4 being worst)
103. Hazardous Area Classifications (Fire)
- Class I: Flammable liquids, vapors or gasses
- Class II: Combustible dusts likely to be present
- Class III: Easily ignitable fibers -> Cotton
- Also have Divisions
- Division I: Conditions exist under normal conditions
- Division II: Do not expect under normal conditions -> unless some kind of accident or maintenance failure
104. NFPA 101, Life Safety Code
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, shall be known as the Life Safety Code®, is cited as such, and shall be referred to herein as “this Code” or “the Code.” 1.1.2 Danger to Life from Fire.
105. Methods to Prevent Fires
- Oily rags kept in containers with lids - can spontaneously ignite
- Exits free of material
Material Storage
- Flammable Liquids
- Special Storerooms
- Special Storage Cabinets
- Safety Cans - 5 or less gallons
- Intrinsically safe equipment
- Low voltage
- Non spark producing
106. Extinguishing Fires
- Remove oxygen
- CO2 does this
- Remove fuel
- Remove heat
- Water does this
- Stop chemical reaction
- Ex. Using halon
107. Fire Load
Max heat released if all combustibles in area burn
108. Smoke Detectors
- Respond to particles passing through a light beam
- Smoke detectors may be placed in HVAC
109. Flame Detectors
- Sense LIGHT from flame
- Infrared or UV detection
110. Ionization Detectors (Smoke)
- EARLIEST possible detection
- Particles intercept ionized air causing change in electrical current
111. Heat Detectors
Detect presence of fire through heat
112. Fire Alarm System Types
- Local: Warns local residents
- Auxiliary
- Also notifies municipal fire alarm system
- Remote
- Sends signal to remote location who notifies local fire department
- Proprietary
- Alarm goes to fire department and a location owned by the property owner
113. Means of Egress (Exit) Terms
- Exit access - path leading to exit
- Exit - protected space separated from other parts of building
- Exit discharge - last segment between exit and land outside
114. Fire Exit Requirements
- Each public area must have at least 2 exits
- No more than 50% of occupants discharged on street
- Exit doors 32" wide
115. Determinants for Severity of Electrical Injuries
Current flow and time determine the extent of injuries from an electrical shock
- Amount of Current
- Route through body
- Time body contacts electrical current
116. Resistance (Electricity)
- Friction resisting electrical current
- Larger surface area = LESS resistance
- Shorter cord = LESS resistance
117. Arc Flash
- Short circuit of electricity through the air
- Equipment explodes
- Personnel are severely burned
118. Bonding
Electricity connecting two or more pieces of equipment together.
- Prevents static charge building up between the pieces
119. General Construction Tips (Electricity)
- Keep cranes AT LEAST 10 feet away from live electrical lines
- Additional 4' for every 10,000 volts above 50k
120. Title V CAA - Air Pollution
- Bring all air operating permits together
- Public review
- 5-year renewal
121. Air Pollution Control Methods
- Prevent
- Dilute
- Collect + Dispose
- Chemical change (combustion)
122. Baghouse
- Filter that traps particulate matter
- Require large spaces
- Temperature restrictions based on type of bag
- MOST COMMON form of air pollution control
- Particle Sizes > .25 microns
123. SCBA (Supplied Air System)
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
Rule: ANY TIME concentrations exceed or are equal to a chemical's IDLH we must use a supplied air system (SCBA).
1910.134 - Respiratory protection.
124. Protection Factors (Air Purifying PPE)
Protection Factor (PF) = (the concentration of harmful substances on the outside of the mask) / (concentration under mask) = 1 / Penetration. the Assigned Protection Factors (APF) - the decrease of the concentration of harmful substances in the inhaled air, which (is expected) to be provided with timely and proper use of a certified respirator of certain types (design) by taught and trained workers (after individual selection with a tight-fitting mask and fit testing), when the employer performs an effective respiratory protective device programme.
Half Face: 10
Full Face: 50
PAPR: 1000
Airline: 1000
SCBA: 10,000
125. PPE Levels
OSHA defines four levels of full-body HazMat protection. Level A is the most protective and Level D is the least protective. The regulations related to HazMat PPE levels are found under §1910.120 Appendix B.
A. A: Most protection; FULL BODY SUIT includes SCBA
B. B: All types of protection; no full body suit; does include supplied air/SCBA
C. C: All types of protection, but no supplied air; does include full or half face respiratory protection
D: Work clothes; no chemical protective clothing; can have some sort of filter/mask
126. Risk
Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including changes in circumstances) and the associated likelihood of occurrence or Probability AND severity of a negative event
127. Risk Assessment
Estimation of the degree of risk, Risk assessment is the process of analysing potential events that may result in the loss of an asset, loan, or investment.
128. Environmental Assessments
Environmental assessment is the process by which the consequences and effects of natural processes and human activities upon the environment are estimated, evaluated or predicted1. Assessments can include within their scope ways to minimise, mitigate, or eliminate those effects, and even to compensate for their impact1,2. Usually done in conjunction with real estate transactions.
Phase I assessment - Identifies environmental liabilities.
Phase II Assessment
129. Residual Risk
The risk that remains after preventative measures have been taken. Residual risk = inherent risk - impact of risk controls
130. BLEVE
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion. A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion is an explosion caused by the rupture of a vessel containing a pressurized liquid that has reached temperature above its boiling point.
131. Minimum Oxygen Level Required to Wear an Air Purifying Respirator
19.5% Oxygen Level. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA, determined the optimal range of oxygen in the air for humans runs between 19.5 and 23.5 percent. Based on OSHA guidelines, a confined space is considered to have safe oxygen levels if readings are between 20.8-21 percent, while a space with readings of less than 19.5 percent are considered to be oxygen deficient.
132. Visible Wavelengths on the EM Spectrum
400-780 nm. The visible light spectrum is the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can view. More simply, this range of wavelengths is called visible light. Typically, the human eye can detect wavelengths from 380 to 700 nanometres.
133. Maximum Hose Length for Airline Respirator
300 feet = Regarding airline (Type-C) respirators, NIOSH states the maximum allowable length of hose to be used from the Point of Attachment (POA) is 300 feet. The POA is the location on an air filteration system that contains the air pressure regulator, the pressure gauge, safety relief valve and outlet manifold with quick connect couplings.
134. Leading vs Lagging Indicators
Lagging indicators are reactive in nature. They measure the effectiveness of a safety program after the facts. Typical lagging indicators include the number of incidents, injuries, days away from work (DAFW), etc. In contrast, leading indicators are proactive in nature
135. Air Pollution Modelling
Air pollution modelling (APM) is being developed and used to better understand, investigate, assess, and regulate the quality of the atmospheric environment and the distribution of toxic pollutants which are often used in ecotoxicology. Mathematical prediction of ambient concentrations of air pollution Dispersion modelling
136. Air Pollution Assessments
Assessments of the health risk from air pollution estimate and communicate the impact of exposure to air pollution on the population’s health. Such assessments may also include the impact of changes in air quality resulting from air quality improvement measures (WHO, 2016).
- Smoke Reading
- Stack Testing
- Area Monitoring
137. Catastrophic Release
Major, uncontrolled emission, fire or explosion involving one or more highly hazardous chemicals that presents danger to employees in the workplace
138. Process Safety Information
- Requirement of Process Safety Management
- PSM refers to federal requirements for processes
that use highly hazardous chemicals.
Includes:
- Toxicity
- PEL
- Physical Data
- Reactivity Data
- Corrosivity data
- Thermal and chemical stability data
139. Process Technology Information
- Block flow diagram
- Shows flow of process
- Process chemistry
- Safe limits for temperatures, pressures, flows
- Evaluation of deviation consequences
140. Controlling Electrical Hazards
- Locate equipment away from people and hazardous material
- Physical controls
- Shielding
- Proper wire size
- Overcurrent devices
- Fuses, circuit breakers
141. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
A GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) is an automatic device that offers personal protection against lethal electrical shock or electrocution. Detects difference in current between 2 conductors. Shuts off circuit of if there is a difference
142. Static Electricity
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material or between materials. The charge remains until it can move away by means of an electric current or electrical discharge.
- Electrical charges build up on the surface of materials
- Charge discharges as arc through the air
- Builds up in dry air
- Moving fluids belts, sliding materials
- Controlled through GROUNDING and BONDING
143. Grounding
Electricity connecting to a piece of equipment to ground. Static grounding prevents the build-up of static electricity reducing the chance of fires or explosions where hazardous materials are handled. Lightning protection grounding helps protect structures and equipment from direct strikes.
144. ACGIH
the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
145. Common Air Permitting Terms (NSPS, PSD, BDAT, MACT)
NSPS: New Source Performance Standards
PSD: Prevention of Significant Deterioration
BDAT: Best Developed Available Technology
MACT: Maximum Achievable Control Technology
146. Pitot Tube
A pitot tube (pitot probe) measures fluid flow velocity. It was invented by a French engineer, Henri Pitot, in the early 18th century, and was modified to its modern form in the mid-19th century by a French scientist, Henry Darcy. An open-ended right-angled tube pointing into the flow of a fluid and used to measure pressure
147. Adiabatic Rate
In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is a type of thermodynamic process that occurs without transferring heat or mass between the thermodynamic system and its environment. In dry air, the adiabatic lapse rate is 9.8 °C/km (5.4 °F per 1,000 ft). How we would expect gas to behave
- Increase in pressure in gases = temp rise
- Decrease in pressure in gases = temp lower
- Higher altitudes = less pressure = lower temp
148. SCBA (Supplied Air System)
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
Rule: ANY TIME concentrations exceed or are equal to a chemical's IDLH we must use a supplied air system (SCBA).
1910.134 - Respiratory protection.
149. Protection Factors (Air Purifying PPE)
Protection Factor (PF) = (the concentration of harmful substances on the outside of the mask) / (concentration under mask) = 1 / Penetration. the Assigned Protection Factors (APF) - the decrease of the concentration of harmful substances in the inhaled air, which (is expected) to be provided with timely and proper use of a certified respirator of certain types (design) by taught and trained workers (after individual selection with a tight-fitting mask and fit testing), when the employer performs an effective respiratory protective device programme.
Half Face: 10
Full Face: 50
PAPR: 1000
Airline: 1000
SCBA: 10,000
150. Cyclone (Air Pollution Control Device)
- Centrifugal Force
- Particle Size > 10 microns
- Not very efficient
151. Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) (Air Pollution Control Device)
- Uses electrostatic attraction
- Requires large space
- Particle size > .25 microns
- Used by power plants
152. Settling Chamber (Air Pollution Control Device)
- Oldest method of mechanical collection
- Low efficiency
153. Scrubber (Air Pollution Control Device)
- Inertial Impingement
- Water used to scrub
- Good for very small particles
- Particles > 5µm
154. Venturi Scrubber (Air Pollution Control Device)
- Inertial Impingement
- Particles > 1µm
-See photo on p. 332
155. Adsorber (Air Pollution Control Device)
Vapours and gases adsorbed on surface of porous medium
156. Absorber (Air Pollution Control Device)
- Similar to scrubber
- Gases and vapours absorbed into liquid
157. TCLP (Landfills)
- Toxic Characteristics Leaching Procedure
- Simulates leaching in landfill
- Used to determine which type landfill appropriate
158. Phosphates (Run off)
- Produced by agricultural application of fertilizer
- Cause Algal blooms
159. Spill Prevention Plans
- Above-ground storage (ex. diesel tanks)
- Design for containment of spill
- Emergency Response
- Regular inspection of equipment
160. Water Cleaning Devices
- Clarifier
- Settles solids
- Filtration
161. Cradle to Grave Responsibility: Haz Waste
Remember that company responsible for Haz waste until disposed of
162. Hazardous Waste Types
- Listed
- Characteristic
- Flammable, reactive, corrosive, etc
- Universal
- Batteries, mercury
163. Process Hazard Analysis
- Looks to identify, evaluate and control hazards
- PHA must be performed every 5 years
- Performed by team with knowledge of engineering and process operations and must INCLUDE ONE LINE EMPLOYEE
164. Eye Protection
- Must meet ANSI requirements
Safety Glasses should:
- Hard lenses
- Impact resistant
- Permanent side shields
165. Considerations with Contractors
- Know safety record
- Evaluate contractor performance
- Inform contract employees of hazards
- Safe work practices with contractors
166.
- Must meet ANSI requirements
Safety Glasses should:
- Hard lenses
- Impact resistant
- Permanent side shields
167. Foot Protection
- Steel Toed boots
- Chemical Resistant boots
- Foundry shoes - no fasteners allow quick removal
168. Hand Protection
- Rubber Gloves
- Protect against many chemicals
- Metal Mesh Gloves
- Used where hands in close proximity to sharp
objects
- Anti-vibration Gloves
169. 3 Classes of Hard Hats
- Class G: General - protect from falling objects and electric shock from low voltages
- Class E: Electrical - protect from falling objects and electric shock from high voltages
- Class C: Conductive - falling objects and no electric shock protection
170. Material Considerations for Protective Equipment
- Penetration: Contaminant moving through holes in material
- Degradation: Contaminant chemically altering material
- Permeation: Contaminant diffusing through material
171. 2 Types of Fall Protection
- Passive: no action required by worker
- Active: workers must take definitive action
172. Active Fall Protection
- Safety Belts
- Safety Harness and lanyard
- Distributes forces over entire body
- Should absorb forces
173. Grade of Breathing Air for Breathing Apparatuses
Grade D Air
174. 3 Types of Air Purifying Respirator
- Half Face: mouth, nose
- Full Face: mouth, nose, eyes
- PAPR (Powered Air Purifying Respirator): fan pulling air through a filter
175. Risk Management Process Steps (5)
1. Risk Identification
2. Risk Analysis
3. Risk Elimination or Reduction
4. Financing Risk
5. Administering the Risk Management Process
176. Severity
Not all accidents have same consequences
177. Experience Modification Rate
Insurance rating based on risk of company
EMR = 1: Claims in line with industry
EMR < 1: Claims lower than indusrty
EMR > 1: Claims greater than industry
178. 2 Types of Warranty
Express: express claims about performance characteristics
Implied: Merchantability (fit for ordinary use); Fitness for particular purpose
179. Privity
- Direct relationship between injured party and party whose negligence caused the accident
- Privity broken in 90s --> car manufacturer sold car to dealer who sold to consumer --> manufacturer still responsible for failing to inspect car even though no direct relationship to consumer
180. Misuse and Foreseeability
Manufacturer can be responsible for injuries from misuse IF foreseeable (manufacturer could have reasonably anticipated misuse)
181. Risk Management
Decision making process to control and minimize risks
182. Type II Level Sound Meter Accuracy
+- 2 dB
183. Legionella Risk Factors
Weakened Immune System:
- Elderly
- Young
- Infirm
184. OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Intended to protect any employee involved in activities where there is a potential for being exposed to blood or body fluids
185. Components of a Combustible Dust Explosion (3)
1. Fuel
2. Oxygen
3. Heat/Spark
186. Deflagration
A chemical reaction that has an associated pressure wave that has the speed less than the speed of sound
187. Standard Threshold Shift
A permanent reduction of 10 dB in EITHER ear
188. 2 Major Groups of Machine Safeguards
1. Mechanical Transmission
2. Point of Operation
189. When Management of Change Required in OSHA Process Safety Management Standard
Management of change required when replacement is not a replacement in kind
190. NIOSH Lifting Equation
Designed to meet specific lifting-related criteria that encompass biomechanical, work physiology, and psychophysical assumptions and data
191. Personal Sample
Type of air sampling performed when an employee wears a sampling device that draws air across a filter media for sample collection
192. 3 Bones in Middle Ear
Incus, Stapes, and Malleus (Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup)
193. Histoplasmosis
An infectious disease caused by inhaling the spores of a fungus called H. capsulatum. Not contagious.
194. The NIOSH Lifting Equation load constant (LC)
The NIOSH Lifting Equation always uses a load constant (LC) of 51 pounds, which represents the maximum recommended load weight to be lifted.
195. Revised NIOSH lifting equation HM means
HM, the Horizontal Multiplier factor
196. IARC Carcinogen Classifications Group 2A:
IARC Carcinogen Classifications Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
197. NFPA 10
NFPA 10 provides the minimum requirements for portable fire extinguishers to ensure they are maintained and are ready to be used as they are intended for, to extinguish fires.
198. Power Transmission Guards
Power transmission guarding protects your operators and others in the work area from pinch points and entanglement hazards created by uncovered belts, pulleys, shafts, and blades. Ex. Guards of Drive Trains
199. Presence Sensing Guards
A presence sensing machine guard is one which, without placing a physical barrier between the operator and the dangerous parts of the machine, senses the approach of a body or part of a body.
- Mats
- Photoelectric Sensors
- Lasers
200. Restraints
Pull-backs and restraints press safety systems either prevent an operator from reaching the point of operation or pull the operator away from the hazard. Physically prevent entry into device
201. Two Hand Control
Two-hand controls can be used as safeguarding devices in the single stoke mode of operation on part revolution clutch presses. Employees must use both hands to operate
202. Hand Feed Tools
machine safety hand feeding tools have been a mainstay for operator safety when using mechanical power presses and other metal fabrication machines. Tools used to feed products into and out of machine
203. Robots
A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. - Used heavily in auto industry
- Must protect against entire reach of robot
204. Abrasive Wheels
Abrasive Wheels: Grinding, deburring, cutting and polishing wheels From light buffing, deburring and finishing to heavy cutting and grinding, Perform RING TEST prior to installation.
- Tests the integrity of the abrasive grinding wheel
- Want to hear ring when tapping wheel
205. Abrasive Wheel Work Rests
Work rests shall be kept adjusted closely to the wheel with a maximum opening of 1/8 inch (0.3175 cm) to prevent the work from being jammed between the wheel and the rest
206. Lockout Tagout Procedures (Electricity)
- Control of hazardous energy
- Zero energy state - needs to be taken down to this state
- WRITTEN program - need to have a written program
- Training
- Must be "competent person" (OSHA)
207. "Competent Person" (OSHA)
An OSHA "competent person" is defined as "one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them" [ 29 CFR 1926.32 (f) ]..
208. 7 Types of Hazardous Energy
1. Potential
2. Kinetic
3. Mechanica
4. Electrical
5. Pneumatic
6. Hydraulic
7. Steam
209. Authorized Worker
An Authorised Worker whose employer’s work premises is interstate, or who is self-employed, a sole-trader, an independent contractor or sub-contractor, or a person appointed to or holding a statutory office, may issue themselves with an Authorised Worker Permit, signed as both the employer and worker.
210. Affected Worker
Any worker in the area where equipment is locked out Term. An affected employee is important. They are the employees who work in the area of a potential hazard, and who might be affected by the hazards created by the work being done, but may not be directly involved.
211. Control Point
Valve, switch, flange or other point on equipment used to isolate the equipment
212. Lock
Lock used ONLY for isolating equipment
213. Basic Lockout Procedure
1. Notify impacted employees
2. Power down equipment
3. Control energy as required
4. Try operating equipment
5. Perform work
6. Remove controls
7. Verify operation
8. Notify affected employees
214. Wooden Ladders Requirements
Portable Wood Ladders: Stepladders – Maximum 20’ Type I – Industrial – 3-20’ Type II – Commercial – 3-12’ Type III – Household – 3-6’
215. Metal Ladder Requirements
- 12" centre spacing for rungs
- Non-slip material on bottom FOUR rungs
216. Portable Step Ladder Maximum Length
20 feet
217. Type I Stepladder
- Industrial (utilities, contractors)
- 3 to 20 feet
218. Type II Stepladder
- Commercial (Painters, offices, light industrial)
- 3 to 12 feet
219. Type III Stepladder
- Household use
- 3 to 6 feet
220. Extension Ladder Required Dimensions
- Max Length = 60 feet - Height to base distance ratio: 4:1
- Ladder must extend 3 FEET ABOVE POINT OF SUPPORT
- Overlap Requirements:
- Ladder <(or equal) 36 ft: 3 FEET
- 36 Feet < Ladder <(or equal) 48 ft: 4 FEET
- 48 Feet < Ladder <(or equal) 60 ft: 5 FEET
221. Extension Ladder Safety Precautions
Extension ladders use to reach another surface, like a roof, must extend at least; Maintain three points of contact when climbing an extension ladder. Two hands + one foot or two feet + one hands.
- INSPECT prior to each use
- Feet set on NONSLIP base
- LASHED
222. Fixed Ladder Safety Requirements
Ladder must be TREATED to prevent corrosion in atmospheres that lead to corrosion.
- UNIFORM STEPS < (or equal) 1 FOOT apart
- Pitch not to exceed 90 DEGREES
- Recommended Pitch: 75 to 90 degrees
223. Fixed Ladder Cage Requirements
- Ladders > 20 FEET must have cage
- Ladders > 20 feet must have LANDING every 30 FEET
- Cage starts 7' - 8' from the ground
- Cage must extend 42 INCHES above LANDING
224. Stairway Safety Requirements
- Must have railing on all exposed sides
- Angle between 30 to 60 DEGREES
- Uniform spacing of steps
225. Standard Railing Requirements
- Top Rail, Mid Rail, and Posts
- Vertical height: 42 INCHES
- Mid-Rail height: 21 INCHES
- Withstand 200 LBS of horizontal force
226. Standard Toe board
OSHA standard 1910.28 defines toe board requirements for “employers to provide protection for each employee exposed to fall and falling object hazards.”
- 4 INCHES vertical height
- 1/4 INCH clearance above floor
227. Crane Safety Guidelines
- INSPECT all machinery and equipment prior to each use
- Attachments used with crane should NOT EXCEED MANUFACTURER'S RATING
- NEVER work under loads
228. Power Lines and Cranes
- Safest method is to ground at point of work
- IF you can't de-energize
- Use a default clearance between the crane and the
lines of 20 FEET
- OSHA has defined distances as well (if voltage known)
- Minimum distance is 10 feet for up to 50 volts - then
goes up 5 feet for every 150 volts up to 500 volts.
- From 500 - 1000 volts, goes up 10 feet for every 250
volts
229. Illumination for Safety
Illumination for Safety refers to the proper amount of illumination required for a person to detect a hazard and take appropriate action to mitigate that hazard. It is intended for safe navigation of pedestrians while on foot, bike, or other normal means of non-motorized transportation.
- Unit for illumination is the footcandle (fc)
- High hazard areas
- 5fc in high activity areas
- 2fc in low activity areas
- Low hazard Areas
- 1fc in high activity level
- .5fc in low activity level
230. Colours for Markings (Red, Yellow, Green, Black/White, Orange, Blue, Magenta)
Red: Danger, fire equipment
Yellow: Caution
Green: First Aid, Safety Equipment
Black/White: Traffic Markings
Orange: Dangerous Parts
Blue: Information
Magenta: Radiation Hazards
231. First Two Steps in Training Process
1. Needs Assessment
2. Training Objectives
232. Needs Assessment (training) Definition
- Determination as to whether training is correct response to organization's needs
- A "Gap analysis" of current results and desired results
Term
233. Hierarchy of Controls ("ESEAP")
Eliminate
Substitute
Engineer
Administrative
PPE
234. Solutions to Skill/Knowledge Issues
- Training
- Information
- Job Aids
- Coaching
- Mentoring
235. Solutions to Environmental Issues
- Redesign of Job
- New tools
- New technology
236. Important Training Objectives
- Clearly state what STUDENTS WILL GAIN from training
- Objectives must be MEASURABLE
- Ex. Identify 5 hazards on the MSDS
237. Four Components of a Training Performance Objective
1. WHO is being trained?
2. WHAT should they be able to do?
3. Under what CONDITIONS should they be able to do it?
4. How well must they PERFORM?
238. Most/Least Effective Methods for Retention
Most: Practicing material
Least: Reading material
239. Ways that Active Participants Learn Best
- Hands on Learning
- Participating in simulations
- Field Trips
- Drills
240. Ways that Reflective Observers Learn Best
- Reading manuals
- Watching videos
- Listening to lectures
241. Recordkeeping Elements
- Maintain records of all training in employee work history
- Include: (1) TRAINING Attended (2) DATE Attended (3) PURPOSE of Training
242. Order of Math Operations (Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Suzy)
Parentheses
Power
Multiply
Divide
Add
Subtract
243. Static Muscular Effort
Static muscle work refers to the capacity to maintain physical exertion throughout an assigned task, requiring prolonged contraction at the site of a particular muscle group (s) without corresponding relaxation to relieve tension. Muscles have a long state of contraction - can lead to deterioration of joints, ligaments, tendons
244. Dynamic Muscular Effort
The Dynamic Effort Method of training is defined as lifting a submaximal weight with maximal effort. By training to move a submaximal weight with as much velocity as possible, the lifter develops greater force output than they would by lifting a heavier load slowly. This increases overall strength. Muscles constantly moving
245. Musculoskeletal Disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are conditions that can affect your muscles, bones, and joints. MSDs include tendinitis carpal tunnel syndrome osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- Disorders of muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints
- Not typically a result of acute event
246. Occupational Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Disorders ("RJFCV")
- Repetition/duration
Less than 30 sec/cycle
More than 1,000 parts per shift
- Joint deviation
Raised elbows.
Bent wrists.
- Force
High amount of hand force
Hand grasping
Mechanical stress
247. Higher Risk Body Parts
- Soft tissue
- Muscle, tendon
- Nerves
- Blood vessels
- Lower back
248. Tendon
Connects muscle to bone
249. Ligament
Connects bone to bone ("BLB")
250. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Carpal tunnel on the palmar side of the wrist contains tendons, nerve, etc
- Swelling of tendon pinches nerve